Who is considered the pioneer of kinetic art?

Alexander Calder is considered the pioneer of kinetic art due to his innovative use of movement in sculpture. He created what are known as "mobiles," which are suspended structures that move with air currents, as well as "stabiles," which are large, stationary sculptures that incorporate elements of movement. Calder's works challenged the traditional understanding of sculpture by introducing motion as a fundamental aspect, thereby transforming static art into dynamic, ever-changing pieces.

His focus on the interaction of elements through movement and the incorporation of space into his work laid the groundwork for future artists in the kinetic art movement. Calder's experimentation with form and balance not only distinguished him as a leader in this field but also influenced various art forms, pushing the boundaries of visual perception. Other artists mentioned, while significant in their own rights, did not primarily focus on movement as a central theme of their work.