What does "chiaroscuro" refer to in painting?

Chiaroscuro is a term derived from Italian, meaning "light-dark," and is especially significant in painting as it refers to the technique of using strong contrasts between light and dark to create the illusion of three-dimensional form and volume. This method helps to highlight the dimensionality of objects by manipulating light and shadow, making figures appear more realistic and life-like.

Artists like Caravaggio and Leonardo da Vinci famously utilized chiaroscuro to enhance the drama of their compositions and to guide the viewer's focus toward significant elements in their artwork. The skillful application of light and shadow not only adds depth but also elicits emotional responses, drawing the audience into the scene depicted.

The other choices pertain to different techniques in painting but do not accurately describe the concept of chiaroscuro. For instance, layering transparent paints refers to glazing, blending colors addresses techniques that smooth color transitions, and the mention of bright uniform colors relates to approaches associated with color theory or movements like Impressionism. Each of these techniques serves a distinct purpose in fostering visual effects but does not embody the specific function and impact of chiaroscuro in art.