In the context of modern art, what is "collage"?

Collage is a distinct method in modern art where various materials—such as paper, photographs, fabric, and other objects—are combined on a single surface to create a cohesive new work. This technique emphasizes the physical act of layering and juxtaposing materials to produce an artwork that often explores themes of reality, context, and perception. The innovative use of everyday materials allows artists to integrate diverse visual languages and narratives, thereby expanding the boundaries of traditional art forms.

While the other options refer to different concepts in art, they do not accurately describe collage. The technique of painting with impasto effects focuses on the texture and application of paint, artistic expression through photography narrows the medium to just one form, and abstract painting encompasses a broader range of styles without the specific integration of diverse materials that defines collage.